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green anarchism
Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism) is a school of thought within anarchism which puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues. A green anarchist theory is normally one that extends anarchist ideology beyond a critique of human interactions, and includes a critique of the interactions between humans and non-humans as well.〔('Green Anarchism: Towards the Abolition of Hierarchy' )〕 This often culminates in an anarchist revolutionary praxis that is not merely dedicated to human liberation, but also to some form of ecological liberation,〔('Steve Best on total liberation' )〕 and that aims to bring about an environmentally sustainable anarchist society.
Important early influences were Henry David Thoreau, Leo Tolstoy〔 and Élisée Reclus.〔 In the late 19th century there emerged anarcho-naturism as the fusion of anarchism and naturist philosophies within individualist anarchist circles in France, Spain, Cuba,〔(Introduction to ''Anarchism and countercultural politics in early twentieth-century Cuba'' by Kirwin R. Shaffer )〕 and Portugal.〔〔("LA INSUMISIÓN VOLUNTARIA. EL ANARQUISMO INDIVIDUALISTA ESPAÑOL DURANTE LA DICTADURA Y LA SEGUNDA REPÚBLICA (1923-1938)" by Xavier Diez )〕 Important contemporary currents (some of which may be mutually exclusive) include anarcho-primitivism, which offers a critique of technology and argues that anarchism is best suited to pre-"civilised" ways of life, veganarchism, which argues that human liberation and animal liberation are inseparable,〔('Animal Liberation and Social Revolution' )〕 and social ecology, which argues that the hierarchical domination of nature by human stems from the hierarchical domination of human by human.〔"While almost all forms of modern anarchism consider themselves to have an ecological dimension, the specifically eco-anarchist thread within anarchism has two main focal points, Social Ecology and "primitivist"."(An Anarchist FAQ by Various authors )〕
== Early ecoanarchism ==
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